CITATIONS
Chapter I
1. Lucullus V. McWhorter.
Yellow Wolf (Caldwell,
Idaho: The Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1983), p. 18.
2. YW, p. 35.
3. Travelers coming in from the southeast may want to skip ahead
to the Intrepid Traveler section, which leads from Joseph to Dug
Bar, picking it up at Imnaha.
4. Highberger, Mark. The
Death of Wind Blowing: The Story o f the 1876 Murder that Helped
Trigger the Nez Perce War.
(Wallowa, Oregon: Bear Creek Press, 2000), pp. 39-41.
5. The most consolidated source of information about the Palouse
is the
book Renegade Tribe, by
Clifford Trafzer and Richard D. Scheuerman, published by Washington
State University Press in 1986.
Chapter 2
1. YW, p. 18.
2. Monteith to Howard, 19 March 1877, Howard collection, Montana
Historical Society, Helena, Montana.
3. Frances Fuller Victor, "The First Oregon
Cavalry," The Quarterly of the Oregon Historical
Society, 3 (1902):140.
4. Emily FitzGerald, An
Army Doctor's Wife on the
Frontier, ed., Abbe Laufe
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1986), pp. 222-224.
5. Oliver Otis Howard, Nez
Perce Joseph, An Account of
His Ancestors (Boston: Lee
and Shepard, 1881), p. 35.
6. FitzGerald, p. 247.
7. Oliver Otis Howard, My
Life and Experiences Among
Our Hostile Indians (New
York: DaCapo Press, 1972), p. 250.
8. Howard, Nez Perce Joseph, p. 59.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. The traditional, non Christian Nez Perce believed that dreams
were a source of wisdom. Thus, whites called their system the Dreamer
religion.
12. YW, p. 39.
13. YW, p. 39.
14. YW, pp. 39-40.
15. YW, p. 40.
16. L.V. McWhorter, Hear Me, My Chiefs (Caldwell, Idaho:
The Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1983), pp. 229-230.
17. YW, p. 41.
18. HMMC, p. 168.
19. HMMC, p. 168.
20. HMMC, p. 200.
21. FitzGerald, p. 251.
Chapter 3
1. YW, p. 42.
2. Henry C. Johnson, "Some Reminiscences of the Nez Perce
Indian War" (Manuscript, University of Idaho, 1927), p. 8.
3. HMMC, p. 230.
4. Norman Adkison,
Indian Braves and Battles with More Nez Perce Lore (Grangeville,
Idaho: Idaho County Free Press, 1967), p. 7.
5. FitzGerald, p. 266.
6. Robert Westly Pollock, Grandfather, Chief Joseph, and Psychodynamics
(Baker, Oregon: 1964). D. 70
7. Luther P. Wilmot, “Narratives of the Nez Perce War”,
University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, p. 1. 8.
8. Bennett, pp. 339, 341.
9. Dorothy O. Johansen, "The Nez Perce War: The Battles at
Cottonwood Creek, 1877," Pacific Northwest Quarterly,
27(1936)” 167.
10. YW, p. 70.
11. HMMC, p.283.
12. YW, p. 71.
13. YW, pp. 72-74.
14. HMMC, p. 286.
15. George Francis Brimlow, “Nez Perce War Diary-1877 of
Private Frederick Mayer, Troop L,1st United States Cavalry,"
Joise, Idaho: 1940, pp. 28-29.
16. Ibid., pp. 29-30.
17. HMMC, p. 288.
18. FitzGerald, p. 274.
19. Norman Adkison, Nez
Perce Indian War and Original Stories
(Grangeville, Idaho: Idaho
Free Press, 1967), pp. 38-39.
20. R. Ross Arnold, Indian
Wars o f Idaho (Caldwell, Idaho: The Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1932),
pp. 158-161.
21. Adkison, Nezperce Indian War, p. 25.
22. HMMC, pp. 234-235.
23. Luther P. Wilmot, "Narratives of the Nezperce War,"
p. 6.
24. HMMC, p. 200.
25. HMMC, pp. 201-202.
26. Johnson, p. 2.
27. Howard to Shearer, 18 July 1877, Shearer Collection, Idaho
Historical Library, Boise, Idaho.
28. Oliver Knight, Following the Indian Wars: The Story o
f the Newspaper Correspondents Among the Indian Campaigners (Norman,
Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1960), p. 295.
29. "Pioneer Woman Tells of Attack By Chief Joseph in Nez
Perce War," Wallowa Co. Chieftain, 9 July 1959.
30. HMMC, pp. 213-214.
31. "Pioneer Woman Tells of Attack."
32. HMMC, p. 217.
33. "Pioneer Woman Tells of Attack."
34. Robert A. Bennett, comp., We'll all Go Home in the Spring
(Walla Walla: Pioneer Press Books, 1984), p. 340.
35. HMMC, p. 241.
36. McWhorter Collection, Washington State University, Pullman,
Washington.
37. YW, pp. 54-55.
38. HMMC, p. 246.
39. Ibid., pp. 248-249.
40. YW, p. 56.
41. HMMC, p. 249.
42. Ibid., p. 233n.
43. Ibid., p. 249.
44. Ibid., p. 247.
45. McWhorter Collection.
46. HMMC, pp. 239-240.
47. Ibid., pp. 251-252n.
48. FitzGerald, p. 273.
49. McWhorter Collection.
50. HMMC, p. 247.
51. Charlotte M. Kirkwood, The Nez Perce Indian War Under
War Chiefs Joseph and Whitebird (Grangeville, Idaho: Idaho
County Free Press, 1953), p. 6.
52. YW, pp. 61-62.
53. Stephen Perry Jocelyn, Mostly Alkali (Caldwell, Idaho:
The Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1953), p. 227.
54. HMMC, p. 258.
55. HMMC, p. 124.
56. Ethel E. Redfield, ed., Reminiscences o f Francis M. Red
field (Pocatello, Idaho: 1949), p. 99.
57. Kirkwood, pp. 50-52.
58. HMMC, p. 240.
59. Kirkwood, pp. 50-52.
60. YW, p. 278.
61. Kirkwood, pp. 28-29.
62. HMMC, p. 201.
63. Helen Julia Mason Walsh, Manuscript, Idaho Historical Library,
Boise, Idaho, p. 8.
64. HMMC, p. 212.
65. Ibid., p. 192.
66. McWhorter Collection.
67. HMMC, p. 228.
68. H. W. Cone, "White Bird Battle," unpublished manuscript,
Idaho Historical Society, Boise, Idaho, p. 3.
69. Cone, pp. 6-7.
70. Ibid., p. 3.
71. YW, p. 62.
72. Ibid., pp. 68-69.
73. HMMC, p. 276.
74. Jocelyn, p. 228.
75. YW, p. 69.
76. Jocelyn, p. 229.
77. Howard, Nez Perce
Joseph, p. 102.
78. Helen Julia Mason Walsh, unpublished manuscript, Washington
State University, Pullman, Washington, pp. 18-26.
79. Eugene B. Chaffee, "Nez Perce War Letters to Governor
Mason Brayman." Fifteenth Biennial Report of the Board of
Trustees of the State Historical Society of Idaho for the Years
19351936 (Boise: 1936), pp. 73-74.
80. Eugene Tallmadge Wilson, Hawks and Doves in the Nez Perce
War o f 1877 (Helena: Montana Historical Society, 1966),
p. 6.
81. YW, p. 41.
82. Thomas Sutherland, Howard's Campaign Against the Nez Perce
(Fairfield, Washington: Ye Galleon Press, 1980), p. 9.
83. Howard, Nez Perce Joseph, p. 150.
84. Sutherland, p. 11.
85. Brimlow, pp.29-30.
86. Wilmot, pp. 8-9.
87. Kirkwood, p. 11.
88. Luther P. Wilmot, "In a Hot Fight with Chief Joseph,"
The SpokesmanReview, 14 February 1904.
89. YW, p. 76.
90. Johnson, p. 6.
91. Wilmot, "Hot Fight with Chief Joseph."
92. YW, pp. 76-77.
93. Shearer to Mason, 26 July 1877, Shearer Collection.
94. Wilson, p. 7.
95. Shearer to Mason.
96. Actually, two were killed and three were wounded.
97. Brimlow, pp. 29-30.
98. YW, p. 76.
99. Kirkwood, pp. 17-18, 21.
Chapter 4
1. HMMC, p. 304.
2. McDonald, 6 December 1878, p. 3.
3. This date is approximate.
4. Adkison, Nez Perce Indian War and Original Stories,
pp. 42-43.
5. HMMC, p. 300.
6. YW, pp. 86-87.
7. HMMC, pp. 298-299.
8. McWhorter Collection.
9. YW, p. 100.
10. YW, pp. 88-89.
11. HMMC, p. 307.
12. YW, p. 101.
13. Peopeo Tholekt, "Reminiscences," 1935, Washington
State University, Pullman, Washington, p. 3. 14. YW, p. 91.
15. Lt. E. S. Farrow to Gray, 16 July 1877, Montana Historical Society,
Helena, Montana.
16. Jocelyn, p. 232.
17. Eileen Bennett, ed., "The History and Legend of Bugler
Bernard A. Brooks in the Saga of the Nez Perce War in Clark County,"
Snake River Echoes: A Quarterly of Idaho History 12 no. 2 (1984),
p. 39.
18. HMMC, p. 314.
19. HMMC, pp. 315-316.
20. YW, p. 96.
21. YW, pp. 100-101.
22. YW, pp. 96-97.
23. HMMC, p. 317.
24. HMMC, p. 322.
25. FitzGerald, p. 290.
26. Snake River Echoes, p. 39.
27. Sutherland, p. 15.
28. Luther P. Wilmot, "Thrilling Incidents of the Nez Perce
War," The Spokesman-Review, 21 February 1904.
29. HMMC, p. 299.
30. Sutherland, p. 12.
31. Interview with Spud Dahler.
32. HMMC, pp. 265-267.
33. HMMC, p. 269.
34. HMMC, pp. 270, 272.
35. HMMC, p. 273.
36. YW, p. 103.
37. Sutherland, p. 15.
38. Luther P. Wilmot, "Narratives of the Nezperce War: The
Battle of the Clearwater-1877," Special Collections Department,
University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, p. 3.
39. FitzGerald, p. 278.
40. Wilson, p. 10.
41. YW, pp. 103-104.
42. Wilson, p. 10.
43. HMMC, p. 329.
44. Wilson, p. 10.
45. Sutherland, p. 18.
46. F. M. Redfield, "Reminiscences of Francis M. Redfield:
Chief Joseph's War." Pacific Northwest Quarterly, 27(1936):75.
47. YW, p. 104.
48. William Connolly, "Recollections," Eastern Washington
Historical Society, Spokane, Washington.
49. FitzGerald, p. 279280.
50. Ibid., p. 285.
51. Luther P. Wilmot, "Narratives of the Nezperce War: Misery
Hill," Washington State University, Pullman, Washington.
52. Eugene B. Chaffee, "Nez Perce War Letters to Governor Mason
Brayman." Fifteenth Biennial Report of the Board of Tnistees
of the State Historical Society of Idaho for the Years 1935-1936.
(Boise, Idaho: 1936), pp. 66-67.
53. Wilmot, "Misery Hill."
54. These were horses taken from the Looking Glass band on July
1.
55. Chaffee, pp. 66-67.
56. Wilson, pp. 8-9.
57. Chaffee, pp. 66-67.
58. Wilson, pp. 8-9.
Chapter 5
1. George Gibbs, Indian
Tribes o f Washington Territory (Fairfield, Washington: Ye
Galleon Press, 1978, p. 11.
2. HMMC, p. 335.
3. Chaffee, p. 68.
4. Chaffee, p. 69.
5. FitzGerald, p. 291.
6. FitzGerald, p. 291.
7. Edwin Mason letters, Mss. No. 80, Montana Historical Society,
Helena, Montana.
8. Connolly, p. 5.
9. Mason letters.
10. Sutherland, p. 24.
11. FitzGerald, p. 296.
12. Mason letters.
13. HMMC, p. 347.
14. YW, p. 107.
15. HMMC, p. 353.
16. Sutherland, p. 28.
17. Diary of John P. Martens, Martens Collection, Montana Historical
Society, Helena, Montana, p. 55.
18. YW, p. 107.
19. Henry Buck, "The Story of the Nez Perce Indian Campaign
During the Summer of 1877," Montana Historical Society, Helena,
Montana, p. 22.
20. Mason letters.
Chapter 6
1. Buck, p. 1.
2. FitzGerald, p. 296.
3. YW, p. 108.
4. Buck, p. 5.
5. Buck, p. 26.
6. Lolo History Committee, Lolo Creek Reflections (1976), p. 9.
7. A.E. Rothermich, Early Days at Fort Missoula, Sources
of Northwest History, no. 23 (Missoula: Montana State University,
1938), p. 4.
8. Buck, p. 11.
9. Buck, pp. 27-33.
10. Gibbon actually had 17 officers and 132 enlisted men. Seventy
volunteers joined him in the Bitterroot but half of these returned
home before reaching the battlefield. He therefore had 183 men at
the beginning of the battle.
11. Col. J.B. Catlin, "The Battle of the Big Hole,"
Montana Historical Society, Helena, Montana, p. 2.
12. Tom Sherrill, "The Battle of the Big Hole As I Saw It,"
Montana Historical Society, Helena, Montana, p. 2.
13. YW, p. 108-109.
14. Sutherland, p. 29.
15. C.A. Woodruff, "Battle of the Big Hole," Montana Historical
Society, Helena, Montana, p. 9.
Chapter 7
1. Gibbs, p. 11.
2. HMMC, p. 371.
3. YW, p. 109-110.
4. McWhorter Collection, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington.
5. YW, p. 110.
6. Richard Comba, "Reports to the Assistant Adjutant General,
District of Montana, of the operation of his Company during the
Nez Perce Campaign of 1877." 16 September 1877. Montana Historical
Society, Helena, Montana.
7. YW, p. 115.
8. Sherrill, p. 4.
9. Comba.
10. YW, p. 123.
11. YW, p. 132.
12. YW, p. 135.
13. McWhorter Collection.
14. Wyakin refers to an individual's protective spirit power.
15. HMMC, p. 386-388.
16. YW, p. 138.
17. YW, p. 119.
18. HMMC, p. 373.
19. YW, p. 136.
20. McWhorter Collection.
21. McWhorter Collection.
22. McWhorter Collection.
23. Tom Sherrill, p. 7.
24. HMMC, p. 374.
25. J. B. Catlin, pp. 3-4.
26. YW, p. 120.
27. McWhorter Collection.
28. Tom Sherrill, pp. 6-8.
29. Comba.
30. YW, p. 121.
31. YW, p. 142.
32. Bunch Sherrill, manuscript, Montana Historical Society, Helena,
Montana, p. 4.
33. Tom Sherrill, p. 9.
34. Tom Sherrill, pp. 1115.
35. Catlin, pp. 4-5.
36. Tom Sherrill, p. 17.
37. McWhorter Collection, 110.
38. YW, p. 132.
39. HMMC, p. 393.
40. YW, p. 159.
41. YW, p. 155.
42. Tom Sherrill, p. 17.
43. YW, pp. 149-151.
44. YW, pp. 155-156.
45. YW, p. 156.
46. YW, p. 158.
47. YW, p. 158.
48. Comba.
49. J. W. Redington, "Scouting in Montana," Spokane Public
Libraries, p. 1.
50. Tom Sherrill, pp. 1923.
51. Catlin, p. 5.
52. Tom Sherrill, p. 23.
53. FitzGerald, pp. 303304.
54. Redington, p. 1.
55. HMMC, p. 406.
56. YW, p. 159.
57. Redington, p. 3.
58. Jocelyn, p. 244.
59. Sutherland, p. 32.
60. Alice Barrett, "Reminiscences of Mrs. Alice F. Barrett,"
Montana Historical Society, p. 3.
61. Alice Barrett, p. 4.
62. Alice Barrett, p. 5.
63. Alexander Cruikshank, "Chasing Hostile Indians," p.
2.
64. McWhorter Collection, pp. 157-171.
65. Martin Barrett, Montana Historical Society, p. 5.
66. "Story of Andrew Meyers," Montana Historical Society,
pp. 2-3.
67. Cruikshank, p. 5.
68. Mark Brown, "The Joseph Myth," Montana The Magazine
of Western History 22 (winter 1971),
p. 9.
69. YW, p. 165.
70. Cruikshank, p. 6.
Chapter 8
1. YW, p. 169.
2. HMMC, pp. 414-415.
3. HMMC, p. 417.
4. Sutherland, p. 34.
5. YW, pp. 166-167.
6. HMMC, p. 419.
7. Ibid., p. 419n.
8. Sutherland, p. 34.
9. YW, p. 167.
10. HMMC, p. 419.
11. HMMC, p. 419.
12. YW, p. 168.
13. To read an excerpt from a letter written by Brooks, see page
139 in Chapter 4.
14. YW, p. 168.
15. YW, p. 169.
16. HMMC, p. 423.
17. HMMC, pp. 423-424.
18. YW, p. 168.
19. HMMC, p. 424.
20. Ibid., p. 425.
21. Ibid., p. 424.
22. Sutherland, p. 36.
23. Frank D. Carpenter, Adventures in Geyserland (Caldwell,
Idaho: The Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1935), pp. 35-36.
24. Connolly, pp. 8-9
25. Sutherland, p. 36.
26. Lt. E. S. Farrow to Gray, 24 August 1877, Montana Historical
Society, Helena, Montana.
27. FitzGerald, p. 307.
28. Mark Brown, The Flight of the Nez Perce (Lincoln: University
of Nebraska Press, 1982), p. 306.
29. Henry Buck, pp. 7172.
Chapter 9
1. Jocelyn, p. 255.
2. YW, p. 26.
3. Carpenter, p. 45.
4. S. G. Fisher, Diary, Idaho Historical Library, Boise, Idaho,
p. 4.
5. Henry Buck, pp. 72-73.
6. Carpenter, pp. 201-203.
7. Ibid., pp. 68, 87-88.
8. Ibid., p. 281.
9. YW, pp. 171-172.
10. Carpenter, pp. 286287.
11. YW, pp. 172-173.
12. Carpenter, p. 287.
13. YW, pp. 173-175.
14. Don C. Fisher, "The Story of the Nez Perce War in Idaho,"
Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, p. 35.
15. Carpenter, pp. 287-288.
16. D. C. Fisher, p. 35.
17. YW, p. 175.
18. Carpenter, p. 97.
19. Ibid., p. 100.
20. Ibid., p. 289.
21. Ibid., p. 100.
22. YW, p. 175.
23. D.C. Fisher, p. 36.
24. Carpenter, p. 289.
25. Ibid., pp. 112-113.
26. Ibid., pp. 217-221.
27. YW, p. 175.
28. Carpenter, p. 291.
29. YW, p. 176.
30. Carpenter, p. 229.
31. Ibid., p. 258.
32. Ibid., p. 317.
33. Accounts of Meyers' rescue is on page 279; Mann's and Oldham's
rescues are on page 287.
34. Carpenter, p. 294.
35. Ibid., p. 282.
36. Ibid., p. 231.
37. Carpenter, p. 224.
38. Ibid., pp. 208-215.
39. Ibid., pp. 222-224.
40. Redington, p. 17.
41. Fletcher to Fisher, 31 August 1877, Idaho Historical Library,
Boise, Idaho.
42. S. G. Fisher, p. 7.
43. Carpenter, p. 297.
44. Ibid., p. 297.
45. Ibid., p. 262.
46. Ibid., p. 162.
47. YW, pp. 176-177.
48. Carpenter, pp. 163164.
49. Ibid., p. 262.
50. Carpenter, pp. 312313.
51. Buck, pp. 87-88.
52. Carpenter, p. 225.
53. Ibid., p. 300.
54. Ibid., pp. 183-184.
55. Andrew J. Weikart, "Journal of Tour of the Yellowstone
National Park in August and September, 1877," Big Hole Battlefield
Library, Wisdom, Montana, p. 4.
56. Carpenter, pp. 184185.
57. Weikart, pp. 6-7.
58. YW, p. 177.
59. Weikart, p. 6.
60. Redington, pp. 13-14.
61. Sutherland, p. 38.
62. Carpenter, pp. 300301.
63. Frank Carpenter visited the Nez Perce at Fort Leavenworth on
June 16, 1878.
64. Weikart, pp. 8-9.
65. YW, p. 177.
66. Weikart, p. 9.
67. Sutherland, p. 38.
68. Jocelyn, p. Z55.
69. Redington, p. 5.
70. S.G. Fisher, p. 9.
Chapter 10
1. John M. Carroll, Camp
Talk: The Very Private Letters o f Frederick W. Benteen of the fist
U.S. Cavlary to His Wire, 1871-
1888 (New York: J. M. Carroll & Company, 1983), p. 85.
2. YW, p. 184.
3. McWhorter Collection.
4. S. G. Fisher, p. 11.
5. Fisher, p. 12.
6. Fisher, p.12.
7. Connolly, pp. 10-11.
8. Thomas Marquis,
Custer, Cavalry & Crows
(Fort Collins, Colorado: The Old Army Press, 1975), p. 139.
9. FitzGerald, p. 311.
Chapter 11
1. FitzGerald, pp. 311312.
2. YW, p. 194.
3. Redington, p. 6.
4. Fisher, pp. 13-14.
5. Fisher, pp. 13-14.
6. Fisher, p. 16.
7. YW, p. 186.
8. YW, p. 185.
9. Redington, p. 7.
10. McWhorter Collection.
11. YW, p. 187.
12. Redington, p. 8.
13. Sutherland, p. 43.
14. Cruikshank, p. 15.
15. Connolly, Diary.
16. Sutherland, p. 43.
Chapter 12
1. McWhorter Collection.
2. Redington, p. 10.
3. Goldin, p. 19.
4. William F. Zimmer,
Frontier Soldier: An Enlisted Man's Journal: Sioux and Nez Perce
Campaigns, 1877
(Helena, Montana: Montana Historical Society Press, 1998), pp. 118-119.
5. Zimmer, p. 120.
6. William Ludlow,
Exploring Nature's Sanctnary: Captain William Ludlow's Report
of a Reconnaissance from Carroll, Montana Territory, on the Upper
Missouri to the Yellowstone National Park, and Return Made in the
Stimmer of 1875
(Washington: Government Printing Office, 1985), p. 13.
7. Theodore W. Goldin, A
Bit o f the Nez Perce
Campaign. Bryan, Texas: privately printed, 1978, p. 22.
8. "Ten Whites Withstood Attack," 8 January 1942.
9. McWhorter 150N-46.
10. YW, p. 199.
11. William Moelchert to Hilger, 13 November 1927, Montana Historical
Society, Helena, Montana, pp. 2-3.
12. Redington, p. 11.
13. Zimmer, p. 121.
14. Moelchert, pp. 2-3.
15. HMMC, p. 471.
16. Kirkwood, p. 26.
17. HMMC, pp. 473-474.
18. Zimmer, pp. 121-122.
19. Robert J. Ege, After the Little Bighorn (Greeley, Colorado:
Fred. H. Werner, 1982), p. 5.
20. McWhorter Collection.
21. YW, p. 205.
22. Thomas Mayhew Woodruff, "A Soldier Writes Home About the
Final Battle," Montana, Autumn 1977, pp. 32-33.
23. McWhorter Collection.
24. McWhorter Collection.
25. HMMC, p. 482.
26. HMMC, p. 479-480.
27. T. Woodruff, pp. 3233.
28. YW, pp. 209, 211.
29. T. Woodruff, pp. 3233.
30. Cruikshank, p. 14.
31. YW, p. 210.
32. Zimmer, pp. 126-127.
33. HMMC, pp. 508-509.
34. YW, pp. 212-213.
35. McWhorter Collection.
36. YW, p. 215.
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